Chais2025_Heb_and_Eng-web

46 E Teaching STEM with Educational Robotics: Competencies and Professional Development (Short paper) Table 1. Factor Analysis results for competencies for integrating robotics into STEM lessons questionnaire (N=55) Competencies Factors Ratings TK & TPK 21st skills TCK & TPACK M SD 1 Basic ability to solve faults in robot operation (TK) 0.79 4.00 1.09 2 Basic ability to program an educational robot (TK) 0.76 3.96 1.15 3 Ability to teach students to build a robot (TPK) 0.75 3.89 1.18 4 Ability to guide students to a robotics project (TPK) 0.72 4.04 1.12 5 Ability to teach students to program a robot (TPK) 0.70 3.96 1.23 6 Basic ability to build an educational robot (TK) 0.67 4.07 1.05 7 Ability and motivation to learn to operate educational robots (TK) 0.67 4.16 0.96 8 Ability to use robotics activities in class to increase educational motivation (TPK) 0.62 4.35 0.82 9 Ability to develop and manage educational environments to experiment with robotics (TPK) 0.63 4.00 0.96 10 Ability to improve study results in robotics classes based on evaluation of previous experience (TPK) 0.61 4.09 0.95 11 Ability to cooperate (21 st -century skill) 0.82 4.27 0.95 12 Ability to solve problems (21 st -century skill) 0.82 4.44 0.94 13 Teamwork ability (21 st -century skill) 0.79 4.25 1.00 14 Creativity (21 st -century skill) 0.77 4.33 0.94 15 Ability to think critically (21 st -century skill) 0.74 4.20 0.95 16 Self-regulated ability (21 st -century skill) 0.74 4.35 1.04 17 Communication ability (21 st -century skill) 0.73 4.07 1.05 18 Ability to make decisions (21 st -century skill) 0.71 4.25 1.02 19 Ability to plan and perform an experiment with a robot to expand the scientific content (TPACK) 0.70 4.07 0.92 20 Ability to direct robotics activities in class to develop higher order thinking skills (TPACK) 0.67 4.15 1.03 21 Ability to enrich an explanation of a scientific concept to deepen its understanding and illustrate it using a robot (TPACK) 0.65 4.11 0.99 22 Ability to define an applied problem in robotics and solve it based on mathematical and scientific methods (TCK) 0.60 3.60 1.13 23 Ability to model natural phenomena with the help of a robotic system (TCK) 0.60 3.80 1.01 F1 The overall perceived necessity of TK &TPK 4.05 1.05 F2 The overall perceived necessity of 21 st -century skills 4.27 0.98 F3 The overall perceived necessity of TCK &TPACK 3.95 1.01 Impact of the PD Program Before and after the program, teachers reported their self-efficacy, anxiety, and attitudes toward using robotics (see Table 2).